Techniques and Reception of Prints in Central and Eastern Europe (15th–18th c.)
Iconographies
(Classification of iconographic subjects, primarily relying on ICONCLASS)
[Ico3772] Plants and herbs
✕
Expert view
Plants and herbs
Iris (Iris)
Spurge (Euphorbia)
Orchids
(Orchidiaceae)
Buttercup
(Ranunculus)
Cranesbill
(Geranium)
Mint (Mentha)
Plantain (Plantago)
Lily (Lilium)
Rose (Rosa)
Sage (Salvia)
Wheat (Triticum)
Daffodil (Narcissus)
Dock (Rumex)
Germander (Teucrium)
Peavine (Lathyrus)
Bellflower
(Campanula)
Clover (Trifolium)
Mullein (Verbascum)
Pepperweed (Lepidum)
Carnation (Dianthus)
Cow wheat
(Melampyrum)
Figwort
(Scrophularia)
Gentian (Gentiana)
Horsetail
(Equisetum)
Lavender (Lavandula)
Nettle (Urtica)
Sow thistle
(Sonchus)
St John's-wort
(Hypericum)
Stonecrop (Sedum)
Valerians
(Valeriana)
Windflower (Anemone)
Aconite (Aconitum)
Angelica (Angelica)
Asphodel
(Asphodelus)
Bindweed
(Convolvulus)
Bugle (Ajuga)
Campion (Silene)
Cancerwort (Kickxia)
Clematis
Common grape wine
(Vitis)
Dropwort (Oenanthe)
Elderberry
(Sambucus)
Fabulous plants and
herbs
False hellebore
(Veratrum)
Flowers
Hellebore
(Helleborus)
Larkspur
(Delphinium)
Lettuce (Lactuca)
Lupin (Lupinus)
Madder (Rubia)
Mallow (Malva)
Orache (Atriplex)
Peony (Paeonia)
Poppy (Papaver)
Rue (Ruta)
Snowflake (Leucojum)
Teasel (Dipsacus)
Wintergreen (Pyrola)
Acanthus
Amaranth
(Amaranthus)
Barley (Hordeum)
Birthwort
(Aristolochia)
Bryony (Bryonia)
Burdock (Arctium)
Cinquefoils
(Potentilla)
Common mugwort
(Artemisia vulgaris)
Corn salad
(Valerianella)
Dictamnus
Dodder (Cuscuta)
False fleabane
(Pulicaria)
Flax (Linum)
Forget-me-not
(Myosotis)
Garlic (Allium
sativum)
Gladiolus
Goat grass
(Aegilops)
Grass (Gramen)
Grass of Parnassus
(Parnassia)
Hawksbeard (Crepis)
Horehound
(Marrubium)
Knapweed (Centaurea)
Leek (Allium porrum)
Mandrake
(Mandragora)
Milkworts (Polygala)
Mustard (Sinapis)
Oat (Avena)
Ornamental plants
Pansy (Viola)
Peppers (Capsicum)
Plumed cockscomb
(Celosia argentea)
Prickly pear cactus
(Opuntia)
Purslane (Portulaca)
Restharrows (Ononis)
Rhubarb (Rheum)
Ribes
Rock rose (Cistus)
Rockfoils
(Saxifraga)
Ryegrass (Lolium)
Sanicle (Sanicula)
Savory (Satureja)
Sea holly (Eryngium)
Sea lavender
(Limonium)
Speedwell (Veronica)
Stinking bean
trefoil (Anagyris
foetida)
Stock (Matthiola)
Thistle (Echinops)
Turmeric (Curcuma
longa)
Vetch (Vicium)
Adenostyles alpina
African marigold
(Tagetes erecta)
Agrimony (Agrimonia)
Alexanders (Smyrnium
olusatrum)
Alfalfa (Medicago
sativa)
Alkanet (Alkanna
tinctoria)
Aloe
Alpine bells
(Primula matthioli
subsp. matthioli)
Alpine squill
(Scilla bifolia)
Amphibious bistort
(Persicaria
amphibia)
Ananas
Anchusa
Anil (Indigofera
suffruticosa)
Anise (Pimpinella
anisum)
Annual everlasting
(Xeranthemum annuum)
Annual mercury
(Mercurialis)
Arabian pea
(Bituminaria
bituminosa)
Aroids (Arum
maculatum)
Artichoke (Cynara
cardunculus)
Asarabacca (Asarum)
Asclepios fennel
(Thapsia asclepios)
Asparagus (Sparagus)
Astragalus
sarcocolla
Autumn crocus
(Colchicum
autumnale)
Autumn hawkbit
(Scorzoneroides
autumnalis)
Balloon vine
(Cardiospermum
halicacabum)
Barren brome (Bromus
sterilis)
Barren wort
(Epimedium)
Basil (Ocimum
basilicum)
Basil thyme
(Clinopodium acinos)
Bastard balm
(Melittis
melissophyllum)
Bastard cabbage
(Rapistrum)
Bastard pellitory
(Achillea ptarmica)
Bean (Phaseolus)
Beet (Beta vulgaris)
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
Bilberry (Vatticinum
myrtillus)
Birdsfoot trefoil
(Lotus corniculatus)
Biserrula pelecinus
Bistort (Bistorta
officinalis)
Bitter apple
(Citrullus
colocynthis)
Bitter fleabane
(Erigeron acris)
Bitter ginger
(Zingiber zerumbet)
Bitter tomato
(Solanum
aethiopicum)
Bittersweet
nightshade (Solanum
dulcamara)
Black bryony
(Dioscorea communis)
Black cumin (Nigella
sativa)
Black horehound
(Ballota nigra)
Black mustard
(Brassica nigra)
Black nightshade
(Solanum nigrum)
Black rampion
(Phyteuma nigrum)
Black salsify
(Pseudopodospermum
hispanicum)
Black swallow-wort
(Vincetoxicum
nigrum)
Bladder Ketmia
(Hibiscus trionum)
Bladder cherry
(Physalis alkekengi)
Bladder-senna
(Colutea
arborescens)
Blue fenugreek
(Trigonella
caerulea)
Blue pimpernel
(Lysimachia foemina)
Bluegrass (Poa
pratensis)
Bog arum (Calla
pallustris)
Bog bilberry
(Vaccinium
uliginosum)
Boneset (Eupatorium
perfoliatum)
Borage (Borago)
Bottle gourd
(Lagenaria
siceraria)
Branched St
Bernard's-lily
(Anthericum ramosum)
Branched bur-reed
(Sparganium erectum)
Broad bean (Vicia
faba)
Broad-leaved
pondweed
(Potamogeton natans)
Broad-leaved ragwort
(Senecio
sarracenicus)
Broad-leaved
sermountain
(Laserpitium
latifolium)
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
Broom (Cytisus)
Broomrape
(Orobanche)
Bubon macedonicum
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum
esculentum)
Bullwort (Ammi
majus)
Burnet (Sanguisorba)
Burnet-saxifrage
(Pimpinella)
Butterbur
(Petasites)
Cabbage (Brassica
oleracea)
Calamint
(Calamintha)
Camel grass
(Cymbopogon
schoenanthus)
Canary grass
(Phalaris
canariensis)
Candy carrot
(Athamanta
cretensis)
Candytuft (Iberis)
Cannabis sativa
Caper (Capparis)
Caraway (Carum
carvi)
Cardamon
Carob (Ceratonia
siliqua)
Carrot bur parsley
(Caucalis
platycarpos)
Cassava (Manihot
esculenta)
Castor bean
(Ricinus)
Catnip (Nepeta
cataria)
Celery (Apium)
Chamomile
(Matricaria
chamomilla)
Charlock mustard
(Rhamphospermum
arvense)
Chaste tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)
Chervil (Anthriscus
cerefolium)
Chickpea (Cicer)
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus)
Chives (Allium
schoenoprasum)
Chrysanthemum
(Chrysanthemum)
Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum)
Cionura
Cleavers (Galium
aparine)
Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum)
Cocklebur (Xanthium)
Cockspur
(Echinochloa crus-
galli)
Cogongrass (Imperata
cylindica)
Coltsfoot (Tussilago
farfara)
Columbine
(Aquilegia)
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
Commiphora
Common barberry
(Berberis vulgaris)
Common bugloss
(Anchusa
officinalis)
Common bulrush
(Typha latifolia)
Common butterwort
(Pinguicula
vulgaris)
Common centaury
(Centaurium
erytrhraea)
Common club-rush
(Schoenoplectus
lacustris)
Common corncockle
(Agrostemma githago)
Common cottongrass
(Eriophorum
angustifolium)
Common cudweed
(Filago vulgaris)
Common duckweed
(Lemna)
Common evening
primrose (Oenothera
biennis)
Common fleabane
(Erigeron
philadelphicus)
Common fumitory
(Fumaria
officinalis)
Common gromwell
(Lithospermum
officinale)
Common haircap
(Polytrichum
commune)
Common hollyhock
(Alcea rosea)
Common houseleek
(Sempervivum
tectorum)
Common ivy (Hedera
helix)
Common knotgrass
(Polygonum
aviculare)
Common lungwort
(Pulmonaria
officinalis)
Common mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
Common mistletoe
(Viscum)
Common ragwort
(Jacobaea vulgaris)
Common reed
(Phragmites
australis)
Common saltwort
(Salsola kali)
Common scurvygrass
(Cochlearia
officinalis)
Common self-heal
(Prunella vulgaris)
Common snapdragon
(Antirrhinum majus)
Common snowdrop
(Galanthus nivalis)
Common spike-rush
(Eleocharis
palustris)
Common sundew
(Drosera
rotundifolia)
Common sunflower
(Helianthus annuus)
Common twayblade
(Neottia ovata)
Common vervain
(Verbena
officinalis)
Common yarrow
(Achillea
milleforlium)
Compact rush (Juncus
conglomeratus)
Coral weed
(Corallina
officinalis)
Coralroot
bittercress
(Cardamine
bulbifera)
Coriander
(Coriandrum sativum)
Corn gromwell
(Lithospermum
arvense)
Cornflower (Cyanus)
Corymbose distaff
thistle (Cardopatium
corymbosum)
Costmary (Tanacetum
balsamita)
Cotton (Bombax)
Cotton thistle
(Onopordum)
Couch grass (Elymus
repens)
Cow parsley
(Anthriscus
sylvestris)
Cowslip (Primula
veris)
Cranberry
(Moracelsi)
Creeping cinquefoil
(Potentilla reptans)
Creeping jenny
(Lysimachia
nummularia)
Creeping yellow-
cress (Rorippa
sylvestris)
Cretan alkaliweed
(Cressa cretica)
Cretan dittany
(Origanum dictamnus)
Crosswort (Cruciata
laevipes)
Crow garlic (Allium
vineale)
Crowberry (Empetrum
nigrum)
Crown daisy
(Glebionis
coronaria)
Crown vetch
(Coronilla varia)
Cubeb (Piper cubeba)
Cuckoo flower
(Cardamine
pratensis)
Cucumber (Cucumis
sativus)
Culcasia
Cumin (Cuminum
cyminum)
Curled thistle
Curry plant
(Helichrysum
italicum)
Cyclamen (Cyclamen)
Cylindrical
immortelle
(Xeranthemum
cylindraceum)
Cynorkis
Cyperus
Daisy (Bellis)
Dame's-violet
(Hesperis
matronalis)
Dandelion (Taraxum
officinale)
Darnel ryegrass
(Lolium temulentum)
Daylily
(Hemerocallis)
Dead-nettles
(Lamium)
Deadly carrot
(Thapsia villosa)
Devil in the bush
(Nigella damascena)
Devil's bit (Succisa
pratensis)
Dill (Anethum
graveolens)
Dog's mercury
(Mercurialis
perennis)
Dog's tooth violet
(Erythronium dens-
canis)
Downy woundwort
(Stachys germanica)
Dragon lily
(Dracunculus
vulgaris)
Dragonmouth
(Horminum)
Dwarf carline
thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
Dwarf everlast
(Helichrysum
arenarium)
Dwarf thistle
(Cirsium acaule)
Dyer's greenweed
(Genista tinctoria)
Dyer's litmus
(Chrozophora
tinctoria)
Dyer's weed (Reseda
luteola)
Dyer's woad (Isatis
tinctoria)
Edelweiss
(Leontopodium nivale
subsp. nivale)
Eggplant (Solanum
melongena)
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
Emblic myrobalan
(Phyllanthus
emblica)
Endive (Cichorium
endivia)
English holly (Ilex
aquifolium)
Esparto grass
(Macrochloa
tenacissima)
European scopolia
(Scopolia
carniolica)
Eyebright
(Euphrasia)
False lily of the
valley (Maianthemum
bifolium)
Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare)
Fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum-
graecum)
Ferula assa-foetida
Ferula gummosa
Feverfew
(Matricaria)
Field garlic (Allium
oleraceum)
Field mugwort
(Artemisia
campestris)
Field mustard
(Brassica rapa)
Field nigella
(Nigella arvensis)
Field pennycress
(Thlaspi arvense)
Field restharrow
(Ononis arvensis)
Field rose (Rosa
arvensis)
Field scabious
(Knautia arvensis)
Fine-leaved water-
dropwort (Oenanthe
aquatica)
Flat-fruited Orlaya
(Orlaya daucoides)
Flixweed
(Descurainia sophia)
Floating bur-reed
(Sparganium
fluctuans)
Flowering rush
(Butomus umbellatus)
Foxtail grass
(Alopecurus)
Foxtail millet
(Setaria italica)
Fragrant virgin's
bower (Clematis
flammula)
French red shallot
(Allium cepa var.
aggregatum)
Friar's cowl
(Arisarum vulgare)
Galanga (Lesser
galangal or Kencur)
Galingale (Cyperus
longus)
Garden balsam
(Impatiens
balsamina)
Garden cress
(Lepidium sativum)
Garden loosestrife
(Lysimachia
vulgaris)
Garlic mustard
(Alliaria petiolata)
German tamarisk
(Myricaria
germanica)
Germander speedwell
(Veronica
chamaedrys)
Giant cane (Arundo
donax)
Giant fennel (Ferula
communis)
Ginger (Zingiber
officinale)
Goat's beard
(Aruncus dioicus)
Goat's rue (Galega
officinalis)
Goat's thorn
(Astragalus
arnacantha)
Goat's-head
(Tribulus
terrestris)
Gold-of-pleasure
(Camelina sativa)
Golden samphire
(Limbarda
crithmoides)
Goldendrop (Onosma)
Goldenrod (Solidago)
Grape hyacinth
(Muscari)
Grass-like starwort
(Stellaria graminea)
Great hairy
willowherb
(Epilobium hirsutum)
Great masterwort
(Astrantia major)
Greater burdock
(Arctium lappa)
Greater celandine
(Chelidonium majus)
Greater galangal
(Alpinia galanga)
Greek horehound
(Pseudodictamnus
acetabulosus)
Greek valerian
(Polemonium
caeruleum)
Green alkanet
(Pentaglottis
sempervirens)
Green foxtail
(Setaria viridis)
Ground elder
(Aegopodium
Podagraria)
Ground ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
Groundsel (Senecio)
Gypsywort (Lycopus
europaeus)
Hairy Canary clover
(Lotus hirsutus)
Hairy crabgrass
(Digitaria
sanguinalis)
Hairy garlic (Allium
subhirsutum)
Hare's ear (Buplerum
rotundifolium)
Hart's wort
(Cervaria rivini)
Hartwort (Tordylium)
Heather (Erica)
Hedge bedstraw
(Galium mollugo)
Hedge bindweed
(Calystegia sepium)
Hedge hyssop
(Gratiola
officinalis)
Hedge mustard
(Sisymbrium
officinale)
Hedge woundwort
(Stachys sylvatica)
Heliotrope
(Heliotropium)
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
Hemlock Water-
dropwort (Oenanthe
crocata)
Hemp-agrimony
(Eupatorium)
Henbane (Hyoscyamus)
Herb Paris (Paris
quadrifolia)
Hercules' all-heal
(Opopanax chironium)
Hog's fennel
(Peucedanum
officinale)
Hogweed (Heracleum)
Hollow root
(Corydalis cava)
Honesty (Lunaria
annua)
Honeysuckle
(Lonicera)
Hop (Humulus)
Horseradish
(Armoracia
rusticana)
Horseshoe vetch
(Hippocrepis comosa)
Houndstooth
(Cynoglossum
officinale)
Hyacinth
(Hyacinthus)
Hyssop (Hyssopus)
Illyrian sea lily
(Pancratium
illyricum)
Indian lotus
(Nelumbo nucifera)
Indian shot (Canna
indica)
Inkberry (Ilex
glabra)
Ironwort (Sideritis)
Italian arum (Arum
italicum)
Italian bugloss
(Anchusa azurea)
Italian pink
micromeria
(Micromeria juliana)
Italian viper's
bugloss (Echium
italicum)
Jerusalem sage
(Phlomis fruticosa)
Jerusalem thorn
(Paliurus spina-
christi)
Job's tear (Coix
lacryma-jobi)
Jujube (Ziziphus
jujuba)
Kenilworth ivy
(Cymbalaria muralis)
Kidneyvetch
(Anthyllis
vulneraria)
Kornade (Agrostemma)
Labdanum (Cistus
ladanifer)
Lady's bedstraw
(Galium verum)
Lady's mantle
(Alchemilla)
Lady's thumb
(Persicaria
maculosa)
Large bitter-cress
(Cardamine amara)
Laserpitium
archangelica
Laserwort (Siler
montanum)
Lavender cotton
(Santolina
chamaecyparissus)
Lemon balm (Melissa
officinalis)
Lentil (Vicia lens)
Leontice (Leontice
leontopetalum)
Leontodon
Leopart's bane
(Doronicum)
Lesser burdock
(Arctium minus)
Lesser celandine
(Ficaria verna)
Lesser galangal
(Alpinia
officinarum)
Lesser spearwort
(Ranunculus
flammula)
Lesser star of
Bethlehem
(Ornithogalum
divergens)
Leuzea rhapontica
Levant cotton
(Gossypium
herbaceum)
Lilac (Syringa
vulgaris)
Lily of the valley
(Convallaria
majalis)
Linearleaf
snapdragon
(Misopates orontium)
Lingonberry (Vitis
idaea)
Liquorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Little-leaf angelica
(Selinum carvifolia)
Liverleaf (Hepatica)
Liverwort
(Marchantiophyta)
Lobelia
Long pricklyhead
poppy (Roemeria
argemone)
Lovage (Levisticum
officinale)
Lovegrass
(Eragrostis)
Lygeum spartum
Maidenhair fern
(Adiantum capillus-
Veneris)
Maize (Zea mays)
Manyseed goosefoot
(Lipandra
polysperma)
Mare's-tail
(Hippuris vulgaris)
Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
Marram grass
(Calamagrostis
arenaria)
Marsh Labrador tea
(Rhododendron
tomentosum)
Marsh yellowcress
(Rorippa palustis)
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
Masterwort
(Peucedanum
ostruthium)
Meadow goat's beard
(Tragopogon
pratensis)
Meadow saxifrage
(Saxifraga
granulata)
Meadowsweet
(Filipendula)
Mediterranean
strawflower, curry
plant (Sticados
arabicum)
Melon (Cucumis melo)
Mermaid's wine glass
(Acetabularia
acetabulum)
Mezereum
Michaelmas daisy
(Aster amellus)
Milk parsley
(Peucedano)
Milkvetch
(Astragalus)
Mite cress (Myagrum
perfoliatum)
Molopospermum
peloponnesiacum
Molucca (Molucella)
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
Montpellier thistle
(Cirsium
monspesullanum)
Moon carrot (Seseli
libanotis)
Moon trefoil
(Medicago arborea)
Moonwort (Botrychium
lunaria)
Motherwort (Leonurus
cardiaca)
Mountain cicely
(Seseli montanum)
Mountain cowslip or
bear's ear (Primula
auricula)
Mountain pansy
(Viola lutea)
Mouse-ear hawkweed
(Pilosella
officinarum)
Narrow-leaved biarum
(Biarum tenuifolium)
Narrow-leaved mock
privet (Phillyrea
angustifolia)
Narrow-leaved water-
parsnip (Berula
erecta)
Navelwort
(Umbilicus)
Nightflowering
silene (Silene
noctiflora)
Onion (Allium cepa)
Orant (Chaenorhinum)
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
Orpine
(Hylotelephium
telephium)
Ox-eye (Buphthalmum
salicifolium)
Ox-eye daisy
(Leucanthemum
vulgare)
Oxeye chamomile
(Cota tinctoria)
Oxlip (Primula
elatior)
Panax
Parsley
(Petrosilinum)
Parsnip (Pastinaca)
Pasque flower
(Pulsatilla)
Pea (Pisum)
Pedicularis
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
Pepper (Piper)
Perennial knawel
(Scleranthus
perennis)
Perennial yellow-
woundwort (Stachys
recta)
Perfoliate
alexanders (Smyrnium
perfoliatum)
Perfoliate
honeysuckle
(Lonicera
caprifolium)
Periwinkle (Vinca)
Pistachio (Pistacea)
Plumeless thistles
(Carduus)
Poppy anemone
(Anemone coronaria)
Pot marigold
(Calendula
officinalis)
Prickly poppy
(Argemone)
Proso millet
(Panicum miliaceum)
Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
Purple cyclamen
(Cyclamen
purpurascens)
Purple foxglove
(Digitalis purpurea)
Purple loosestrife
(Lythrum salicaria)
Purple nut sedge
(Cyperus rotundus)
Pycnocomon
Radish (Raphanus)
Ramson garlic
(Allium ursinum)
Rapeseed (Brassica
napus)
Raspberry (Rubus
idaeus subsp.
idaeus)
Red fescue (Festuca
rubra)
Red goosefoot
(Oxybasis rubra)
Red pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis)
Red valerian
(Centranthus ruber)
Redstem storksbill
(Erodium cicutarium)
Ribbed cachrys
(Prangos ferulacea)
Rice (Oryza sativa)
Rock fumewort
(Pseudofumaria
lutea)
Rock samphire
Rocket (Eruca
vesicaria)
Roman wormwood
(Artemisia pontica)
Rose campion (Silene
coronaria)
Rose daphne (Daphne
cneorum)
Rose of Jericho
(Anastatica
hierochuntica)
Roseroot stonecrop
(Rhodiola rosea)
Rough bindweed
(Smilax aspera)
Rough hawksbeard
(Crepis biennis)
Round-headed rampion
(Phyteuma
orbiculare)
Rush skeletonweed
(Chondrilla juncea)
Rushes (Juncaceae)
Rutabaga (Brassica
napus)
Rye (Secale)
Rye brome (Bromus
secalinus)
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
Saffron crocus
(Crocus sativus)
Sagapenum (Ferula
persica)
Sand sedge (Carex
praecox)
Savin juniper
(Juniperus sabina)
Saw-wort (Serratula
tinctoria)
Scammony
(Convolvulus
scammonia)
Scentless mayweed
(Tripleurospermum
inodorum)
Scotch broom
(Cytisus scoparius)
Scotch laburnum
(Laburnum alpinum)
Sea aster (Tripolium
pannonicum)
Sea clubrush
(Bolboschoenus
maritimus)
Sea lettuce (Ulva)
Sea onion (Squilla)
Sea purslane
(Halimione
portulacoides)
Sea thrift (Armeria
maritima)
Sea wormwood
(Artemisia maritima)
Seaberry (Hippophae
rhamnoides)
Seashore false
bindweed (Calystegia
soldanella)
Senna (Senna)
Sesame (Sesamum
indicum)
Sesamoides
Seseli massiliense
(Seseli tortuosum
subsp. tortuosum)
Seseli petraeum
Shallot (Allium
ascalonicum)
Shepherd's purse
(Capsella bursa-
pastoris)
Shepherd's-needle
(Scandix pecten-
veneris)
Silkvine (Periploca
graeca)
Silver loosestrife
(Lysimachia
ephemerum)
Silverweed
(Argentina anserina)
Skirret (Sium
sisarum)
Slender tufted-sedge
(Carex acuta)
Small scabious
(Scabiosa
columbaria)
Smooth rupturewort
(Herniaria glabra)
Smooth thapsia
(Thapsia garganica)
Sneezeweed
(Helenium)
Snowbell
(Soldanella)
Soapwort (Saponaria)
Solomon's seal
(Polygonatum
multiflorum)
Sorghum
Southern balsampear
(Momordica
balsamina)
Southernwood
(Artemisia
abrotanum)
Spanish broom
(Spartium)
Spanish chamomile
(Anacyclus
pyrethrum)
Spignel (Meum
athamanticum)
Spikenard (Spica
nardi)
Spinach (Spinacia
oleracea)
Spiny cocklebur
(Xanthium spinosum)
Spiral gingers
(Costus)
Spring pheasant's
eye (Adonis
vernalis)
Spurge flax
(Thymelaea
passerina)
Spurge laurel
(Daphne laureola)
Spurge olive
(Cneorum tricoccon)
Squirting cucumber
(Ecballium
elaterium)
St Benedict's
thistle
(Caryophillata)
St Bernard's lily
(Anthericum liliago)
St Mary's thistle
(Silybum marianum)
Stalked bur grass
(Tragus racemosus)
Starfruit
(Damasonium)
Stavesacre
(Staphisagria
macrosperma)
Sticky goosefoot
(Dyspania botrys)
Stinking chamomile
(Anthemis cotula)
Stitchwort (Rabelera
holostea)
Stone parsley (Sison
amomum)
Sugarcane (Saccharum
officinarum)
Sweet clover
(Melitotus)
Sweet flag (Acorus
calamus)
Sweet grass
(Glyceria)
Sweet yarrow
(Achillea ageratum)
Sweetvetch
(Hedysarum)
Swizzle sticks
(Kleinia
anteuphorbium)
Tall fescue (Lolium
arundinaceum)
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
Tarragon (Artemisia
dracunculus)
Tartary buckwheat
(Fagopyrum
tataricum)
Tassel hyacinth
(Muscari comosum)
Theligonum
cynocrambe
Thevetia ahouai
Thuja
Thyme (Thymus)
Thyme-leaved
sandwort (Arenaria
serpyllifolia)
Thymelaea
tartonraira
Timothy grass
(Phleum pratense)
Toadflax (Linaria)
Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum)
Toothpickweed
(Visnaga daucoides)
Tormentil
(Potentilla erecta)
Tree wormwood
(Artemisia
arborescens)
Trefoil cress
(Cardamine trifolia)
Tuberous thistle
(Cirsium tuberosum)
Tuft carex (Carex
cespitosa)
Tufted catchfly
(Silene saxifraga)
Tulip (Tulipa)
Turnip (Rapa)
Twisted stalk
(Streptopus
amplexifolius)
Upright pellitory
(Parietaria
officinalis)
Victory onion
(Allium victorialis)
Viper's bugloss
(Echium vulgare)
Wallflower
(Erysimum)
Water caltrop
(Trapa)
Water pepper
(Persicaria
hydropiper)
Water plantain
(Alisma)
Water soldier
(Stratiotes)
Water violet
(Hottonia palustris)
Watercress
(Nasturtium
officinale)
Watermelon
(Citrullus lanatus)
White Egyptian lotus
(Nymphaea lotus)
White swallow-wort
(Vincetoxicum
hirundinaria)
White water-crowfoot
White waterlily
(Nymphaea alba)
Whitetop (Lepidium
draba)
Whorl-leaf
watermilfoil
(Myriophyllum
verticillatum)
Wild basil
(Clinipodium
vulgare)
Wild carrot (Daucus
carota)
Wild leek (Allium
ampeloprasum)
Wild spinach (Blitum
bonus-henricus)
Wild strawberry
(Fragaria)
Winged lythrum
(Lythrum alatum)
Winter cherry
(Withania somnifera)
Wintercress
(Barbarea vulgaris)
Wolf's bane (Arnica
montana)
Wood avens (Geum)
Wood sorrel (Oxalis)
Wood violet (Viola)
Woolly distaff
thistle (Carthamus
lanatus)
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
Xylopia aethiopica
Yellow Rockrose-
parasite (Cytinus
hypocistis)
Yellow crown vetch
(Coronilla
scorpioides)
Yellow foxglove
(Digitalis
grandiflora)
Yellow garlic
(Allium moly)
Yellow hawkweed
(Hieracium)
Yellow hornpoppy
(Glaucium flavum)
Yellow marsh
marigold (Caltha
palustris)
Yellow nutsedge
(Cyperus esculentus)
Yellow star of
Bethlehem (Gagea)
Yellow waterlily
(Nuphar lutea)
Yellow woodland
anemone (Anemone
ranunculoides)
Zedoary (Kaempferia)
Crimean iris (Iris
lutescens)
Dwarf iris (Iris
reticulata)
English iris (Iris
jacquini)
German bearded iris
(Iris × germanica)
Gladwyn iris (Iris
foetidissima)
Grass-leaved iris
(Iris graminea)
Hungarian iris (Iris
variegata)
Illyrian iris (Iris
illyrica)
Iris planifolia
Mourning iris (Iris
susiana)
Pygmy iris (Iris
pumila)
Snake's head iris
(Iris tuberosa)
Spanish iris (Iris
xiphium)
Yellow iris (Iris
pseudoacorus)
Broad-leaved spurge
(Euphorbia
platyphyllos)
Caper spurge
(Euphorbia lathyris)
Cypress spurge
(Euphorbia
cyparissias)
Euphorbia
graminifolia
Little fir spurge
(Euphorbia pithyusa)
Mediterranean spurge
(Euphorbia
characias)
Myrtle spurge
(Euphorbia
myrsinites)
Pear-rooted spurge
(Euphorbia apios)
Petty spurge
(Euphorbia peplus)
Prostrate spurge
(Euphorbia
chamaesyce)
Sea spurge
(Euphorbia paralias)
Spiny spurge
(Euphorbia
acanthothamnos)
Sun spurge
(Euphorbia
helioscopia)
Tree spurge
(Euphorbia
dendroides)
Burnt orchid
(Neotinea ustulata)
Common spotted
orchid (Dactylorhiza
maculata)
Early-purple orchid
(Orchis mascula)
Fragrant orchid
(Gymnadenia
conopsea)
Green-winged orchid
(Anacamptis morio)
Lady orchid (Orchis
purpurea)
Late spider orchid
(Ophrys holosericea)
Lesser butterfly-
orchid (Platanthera
bifolia)
Marsh orchid
(Dactylorhiza)
Military orchid
(Orchis militaris)
Pyramidal orchid
(Anacamptis
pyramidalis)
Aconite-leaved
buttercup
(Ranunculus
aconitifolius)
Bulbous buttercup
(Ranunculus
bulbosus)
Celery-leaved
buttercup
(Ranunculus
sceleratus)
Common buttercup
(Ranunculus acris)
Corn buttercup
(Ranunculus
arvensis)
Creeping buttercup
(Ranunculus repens)
Goldilocks buttercup
(Ranunculus
auricomus)
Hairy buttercup
(Ranunculus sardous)
Thora buttercup
(Ranunculus thora)
Velvet buttercup
(Ranunculus
velutinus)
Bloody cranesbill
(Geranium
sanguineum)
Cut-leaved
cranesbill (Geranium
dissectum)
Dusky cranesbill
(Geranium phaeum)
Longstalk cranesbill
(Geranium
columbinum)
Meadow cranesbill
(Geranium pratense)
Roberts geranium
(Geranium
robertianum)
Round-leaved
cranesbill (Geranium
rotundifolium)
Bowle's mint (Mentha
× villosa)
Peppermint (Mentha
piperata)
Pineapple mint
(Mentha suaveolens)
Spearmint (Mentha
spicata)
St John's horsemint
(Mentha longifolia)
Water mint (Mentha
aquatica)
Wild mint (Mentha
arvensis)
Broad-leaved
plantain (Plantago
major)
Buck's-horn plantain
(Plantago coronopus)
Glandular plantain
(Plantago afra)
Hare's foot plantain
(Plantago lagopus)
Narrow-leaved
plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
Sand plantain
(Plantago indica)
Sea plantain
(Plantago maritima)
Fleur-de-lis (lily
in heraldry)
Sapieha Lilies (coat
of arms)
Blessed Ceslaus with
a lily and a fire
ball
Madonna lily (Lilium
candidum)
Martagon lily
(Lilium martagon)
Orange lily (Lilium
bulbiferum)
Poraj coat of arms
Madonna in the rose-
garden,
'Paradiesgärtlein'
Dog rose (Rosa
canina)
Doliwa coat of arms
Luther rose
(Luther's seal)
Rosa alba
Clary sage (Salvia
sclarea)
Common sage (Salvia
officinalis)
Greek sage (Salvia
fruticosa)
Meadow sage (Salvia
pratensis)
Mediterranean sage
(Salvia aethiopis)
Rosemary (Salvia
rosmarinus)
Common wheat
(Triticum aestivum)
Einkorn wheat
(Triticum
monococcum)
Emmer wheat
(Triticum turgidum
subsp. dicoccum)
Farro
Spelt (Triticum
spelta)
Wheat rivet
(Triticum turgidum)
Bunchflower daffodil
(Narcissus tazetta)
Paperwhite daffodil
(Narcissus
papyraceus)
Poet's daffodil
(Narcissus poeticus)
Sea daffodil
(Pancratium
maritimum)
Wild daffodil
(Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
Bitter dock (Rumex
obtusifolius)
Curly dock (Rumex
crispus)
Patience dock (Rumex
patientia)
Redvein dock (Rumex
sanguineus)
Sorrel (Rumex
acetosa)
Cut-leaved germander
(Teucrium botrys)
Felty germander
(Teucrium polium)
Mountain germander
(Teucrium montanum)
Wall germander
(Teucrium
chamaedrys)
Water germander
(Teucrium scordium)
Bitter vetch
(Lathyrus
linifolius)
Chickling pea
(Lathyrus sativus)
Flat pea (Lathyrus
sylvestris)
Perennial peavine
(Lathyrus
latifolius)
Tuberous pea
(Lathyrus tuberosus)
Bristly bellflower
(Campanula
cervicaria)
Canterbury bells
(Campanula media)
Nettle-leaved
bellflower
(Campanula
trachelium)
Rampion bellflower
(Campanula
rapunculus)
Hare's-foot clover
(Trifolium arvense)
Mountain clover
(Trifolium montanum)
Red clover
(Trifolium pratense)
White clover
(Trifolium album)
Black mullein
(Verbascum nigrum)
Moth mullein
(Verbascum
blattaria)
Orange mullein
(Verbascum
phlomoides)
White mullein
(Verbascum
lychnitis)
Broad-leaved
pepperweed (Lepidium
latifolium)
Field pepperweed
(Lepidium campestre)
Grass-leaved
pepperweed (Lepidium
graminifolium)
Narrow-leaved
pepperweed (Lepidium
ruderale)
Carthusian pink
(Dianthus
carthusianorum)
Fringed pink
(Dianthus superbus)
Sweet William
(Dianthus barbatus)
Common cow wheat
(Melampyrum
pratense)
Cow wheat
(Melampyrum
nemorosum)
Field cow wheat
(Melampyrum arvense)
Dog figwort
(Scrophularia
canina)
Shoreline figwort
(Scrophularia
auriculata)
Woodland figwort
(Scrophularia
nodosa)
Cross gentian
(Gentiana cruciata)
Purple gentian
(Gentiana purpurea)
Spotted gentian
(Gentiana punctata)
Field horsetail
(Equisetum arvense)
Marsh horsetail
(Equisetum palustre)
Northern giant
horsetail (Equisetum
telmateia)
Broad-leaved
lavender (Lavandula
latifolia)
French lavender
(Lavandula stoechas)
Narrow-leaved
lavender (Lavandula
angustifolia)
Common nettle
(Urtica dioica)
Dwarf nettle (Urtica
urens)
Roman nettle (Urtica
pilulifera)
Field sow thistle
(Sonchus arvensis)
Sonchus maritimus
Spiny sow-thistle
(Sonchus asper)
Heath-leaved St
John's wort
(Hypericum coris)
Mountain St
John's-wort
(Hypericum montanum)
Square-stalked St
John's wort
(Hypericum
tetrapterum)
Pink stonecrop
(Sedum cepaea)
Tasteless stonecrop
(Sedum sexangulare)
White stonecrop
(Sedum album)
Alpine valerian
(Valeriana celtica)
Garden valerian
(Valeriana
officinalis)
Marsh valerian
(Valeriana dioica)
Anemone pavoniana
Snowdrop windflower
(Anemone sylvestris)
Wood anemone
(Anemone nemorosa)
Manchurian monkshood
(Aconitum
variegatum)
Yellow monkshood
(Aconitum anthora)
Garden angelica
(Angelica
archangelica)
Woodland angelica
(Angelica
sylvestris)
Hollow-stemmed
asphodel (Asphodelus
fistulosus)
White asphodel
(Asphodelus albus)
Blue rock bindweed
(Convolvulus
sabatius)
Field bindweed
(Convolvulus
arvensis)
Upright bugle (Ajuga
reptans)
Yellow bugle (Ajuga
chamaepitys)
Bladder campion
(Silene vulgaris)
Weed silene (Silene
conoidea)
Round-leaved
cancerwort (Kickxia
spuria)
Sharp-leaved
cancerwort (Kickxia
elatine)
Evegreen clematis
(Clematis armandii)
Traveller's joy
(Clematis vitalba)
Viticulture, wine-
growing; vintage
Fable of the goat
and the vine
Corky-fruited water-
dropwort (Oenanthe
pimpinelloides)
Tubular water-
dropwort (Oenanthe
fistulosa)
Danewort (Sambucus
ebulus)
Red elderberry
(Sambucus racemosa)
Baaras
Vegetable Lamb of
Tartary (Agnus
scythicus; Planta
Tartarica Barometz)
Black false
hellebore (Veratrum
nigrum)
False helleborine
(Veratrum album)
Garland, wreath
Pomegranate flower
Green hellebore
(Helleborus viridis)
Stinking hellebore
(Helleborus
foetidus)
Field larkspur
(Delphinium
consolida)
Showy larkspur
(Delphinium
mirabile)
Blue lettuce
(Lactuca perennis)
Prickly lettuce
(Lactuca serriola)
White lupin (Lupinus
albus)
Yellow lupin
(Lupinus luteus)
Common madder (Rubia
tinctorum)
Wild madder (Rubia
peregrina)
Dwarf mallow (Malva
neglecta)
Greater musk mallow
(Malva alcea)
Garden orache
(Atriplex hortensis)
Spear orache
(Atriplex patula)
Common peony
(Paeonia
officinalis)
Wild peony (Paeonia
mascula)
Corn poppy (Papaver
rhoeas)
Opium poppy (Papaver
somniferum)
Common rue (Ruta
graveolens)
Wild rue (Ruta
montana)
Spring snowflake
(Leucojum vernum)
Summer snowflake
(Leucojum aestivum)
Small teasel
(Dipsacus pilosus)
Wild teasel
(Dipsacus fullonum)
Common wintergreen
(Pyrola minor)
Round-leaved
wintergreen (Pyrola
rotundifolia)
Bear's breech
(Acanthus mollis)
Purple amaranth
(Amaranthus blitum)
Wall barley (Hordeum
murinum)
Aristolochia
pistolochia
White bryony
(Bryonia alba)
Woolly burdock
(Arctium tomentosum)
Spring cinquefoil
Printer's device of
Friedrich Peypus
Dwarf corn salad
(Valerianella
pumila)
Dittany (Dictamnus
albus)
Clover dodder
(Cuscuta epithymum)
Small Fleabane
(Pulicaria vulgaris
subsp. vulgaris)
Linen (crafts,
industries,
agriculture)
Water forget-me-not
(Myosotis
scorpioides)
Printer's device of
Johann Knobloch
Turkish marsh
gladiolus (Gladiolus
imbricatus)
Three-awn goat grass
(Aegilops neglecta)
Dog's tooth grass
(Cynodon dactylon)
Alaska grass of
Parnassus (Parnassia
palustris)
Zakynthos hawksbeard
(Crepis zacintha)
White horehound
(Marrubium vulgare)
Greater knapweed
(Centaurea scabiosa)
Sand leek (Allium
scorodoprasum)
Baaras
Common milkwort
(Polygala vulgaris)
White mustard
(Sinapis alba)
Common wild oat
(Avena fatua)
Potted plants
Wild pansy (Viola
tricolor)
Cayenne pepper
(Capsicum annuum)
Cockscomb (Celosia
argentea var.
cristata)
Indian fig opuntia
(Opuntia ficus-
indica)
Common purslane
(Portulaca oleracea)
Spiny restharrow
(Ononis spinosa)
Tartarian rhubarb
(Rheum tataricum)
Gooseberry (Ribes
uva-crispa)
Common rock-rose
(Helianthemum
nummularium)
Lifelong saxifrage
(Saxifraga
paniculata)
Perennial ryegrass
(Lolium perenne)
Hacquetia (Sanicula
epipactis)
Pink savory
(Satureja thymbra)
Field eryngo
(Eryngium campestre)
Narrow-leaved sea-
lavender (Limonium
narbonense)
Thyme-leaved
speedwell
Stinking bean
trefoil (Anagyris
foetida)
Brompton stock
(Matthiola incana)
Great globe-thistle
(Echinops
sphaerocephalus)
White turmeric
(Curcuma zedoaria)
Bush vetch (Vicia
sepium)
Coats of arms of the
House of Valois
(Fleur-de-lis)
Coat of arms of
Kingdom of France
Coat of arms of the
House of Anjou-
Hungary
Printer's Mark of
Johann Grüninger
Quarterly coat of
arms of Krzysztof
Mikołaj
Dorohostajski with
Leliwa in escutcheon
Quarterly coat of
arms of Lew Sapieha
with Lis coat of
arms in the
inescutcheon
Poraj coat of arms
with mitre and
crozier
Quarterly coat of
arms of Stanisław
Miński with the
Abdank in the
inescutcheon
Our Lady of
Krasnobród
Vineyard
Wine production
Vintage, grape
harvest
Wine-testing, wine-
grading
Printer's device of
Melchior Nering (two
goats and the vine)
Poeta laureatus
Wreath with ribbons
Beating flax
Pressing linen
Quarterly coat of
arms of Henry of
Valois as King of
Poland and Grand
Duke of Lithuania
White Eagle with
Henry of Valois
fleur-de-lis
Parable of the
labourers in the
vineyard
Pressing grapes
Wine-press
Plants, vegetation